Understanding the principles of refraction provides insight into the fascinating world of optics, where lenses and other optical devices manipulate light to serve various scientific and technological purposes.This book provides a comprehensive account of the history of optics, covering a wide span of time from ancient Greek theories of vision to the nineteenth century when the wave theory of light emerged as the dominant explanation. It delves into the fascinating developments and breakthroughs that shaped our understanding of optics over the years. Furthermore, the book explores cutting-edge research and emerging applications in optics. One such area of interest is the super-resolving, negative-refractive-index transmission-line lens. The book explores the theories and experiments behind this innovative lens, which has the capability to achieve higher resolution than conventional lenses.