Cooperation-based organizations, institutions, and arrangements encompass a wide range of structures and concepts that promote collaboration and joint efforts. These include alliances, franchising, joint-ventures, family-owned enterprises, public-private partnerships, co-operatives, mutual insurers, credit unions, associations, clubs, guilds, networks, ecosystems, peer economy, open innovation, collaborative governance, and cooperation enabling technologies/models/ideas such as blockchains, platforms, and the metaverse.