These advancements have enabled scientists to study the Earth’s past climates, reconstruct ancient landscapes, and investigate the impacts of human activities on geological processes. Additionally, research in physical geology has played a crucial role in assessing and mitigating natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. By integrating field observations, laboratory experiments, and computer simulations, scientists have made significant progress in understanding the dynamic nature of our planet and its geological evolution. This book deals with the study of Earth’s materials, structures, processes, and history. The book encompasses contributions from experts worldwide, providing diverse viewpoints and insights into geology from different regions and environments. This global approach enhances readers’ understanding of the universal principles underlying Earth’s geological processes.